Table VII


Institutional Explanations Victim-Focused Explanations
  • Negative school climate
  • Racial and ethnic bias
  • Inadequate classroom management
  • Inappropriate educational placements
  • Inappropriate teacher expectations
  • Differential applications of rules for student conduct
Low student motivation
  • Cultural disrespect for rules
  • Unfamiliarity with rules of school and the mainstream society
  • Lackadaisical discipline standards in student's home and community
<< Index >>